Evolution Korea Isn't As Difficult As You Think
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Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is vulnerable to populist impulses. It is still healthier than expected.
The country is looking for an alternative development model. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of modern Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild foods. In the tens of thousands of years after they began to cultivate crops such as millet and beans. They also raised livestock and produced furs. These people formed tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools, and later iron tools. They traded with other countries and introduced block printing to Japan along with art styles, a written language, and papermaking.
Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. At this time the inhabitants of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure in which a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the rest of the population was peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens and often required them to fight in the army or take part in government projects such as building fortifications.
By the end of this period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety into a doctrine. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families and had to be respected and obeyed by all, including their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, who ruled from 918 to 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth when it was pronounced. This dramatically improved the communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was refined. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. Early evidence of human settlements are visible in the form of graves lined with stone, with precious items such as amazonite jewellery being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, and made from single large stones are widespread throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized during the first half of 1st millennium BCE. After that, the peninsula was ruled by various states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians don't consider to be a legitimate Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje, the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE) and was left with only its southern regions in Manchuria, and western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a while.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territorial holdings. Silla, with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters the post-crisis era its development model is in flux. The people who are awed by the huge cost of the old systems are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of labor, capital and product markets. On the other hand, champions of the old system want to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears of click here job loss.
Academics and analysts are divided over the extent to which Korea's evolution is influenced by these two trends. This article reviews the latest developments by analyzing five phases of the country's political evolution: illiberal democracy (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also highlights the most important factors that appear to be the driving force behind these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views among this group. A 2009 survey revealed that nearly one third of respondents do not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% said that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% said it contradicted their religious beliefs; and 17% said they did not understand it. The level of doubt is comparable to that of the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced types of life.
In the past of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and bringing them to Christ. A significant rise in interest in creation science came in the year 1980, following the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event drew an audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders.
The success of this event led to the founding of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The event was widely covered in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR as well as a few books on the subject of creationism, which were published outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the country at universities and churches.
One instance of an KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, students were so fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised the money and support to put up a small museum on campus showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION that covers topics related to creation science, and it has hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established local branches, which hold seminars and provide talks to schoolchildren and community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the latter half of the 19th century and into the early the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts, as well as other foreign fashion elements. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern rock and roll and jazz. In this time the samulnori, or dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drums and other musical instruments.
Korea's new development model is being developed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is to find the right balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring, or disciplining systems that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and people from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. In the process, it entered into frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries allowed strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also was in control of a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
However, his rule was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the central government system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point on the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.